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Nowadays, the primary goal of any response action, in the case of oil spill episodes, is to mitigate the socioeconomic and environmental impact by removing the spilled oil from the water surface as fast as possible. 75Īccording to the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA), oil spills represent the most impacting abrupt episodes that affect sea surface water, and consequently the sea SML, and all exchange processes and organisms living there. Oil spills happen often and they are generally correlated with shipping routes. Oil spills frequently compromise the equilibrium of aquatic habitats and coastal areas. In microlayer studies, mostly aspects such as bathing in coastal areas, oil spills episodes, bioaccumulation of pollutants in fish nurseries, etc., have been investigated. Water quality criteria are the result of an ensemble of standards that describe the safest and the healthiest criteria for water consumption, or generally speaking, for ecosystems. Knulst, in Comprehensive Sampling and Sample Preparation, 2012 1.12.9 Significance of Microlayer Studies in Water Quality Assessments and Oil Spill Episodes Methods adapted to (sub)tropical lakes require further development.Ī.M. So far, sediment removal seems to have the highest probability of producing a long-term effect, while other methods need further refinement, and it is likely that treatments need to be repeated several times during a prolonged period. Such measures have provided short-term and often considerable improvements in ecological state, but the long-term perspectives are less clear. To re-enforce recovery, several physicochemical and biological methods have been used. Lakes often respond slowly to reductions of external nutrient loading, which may be due to release of phosphorus (P) stored in the sediment during the eutrophication period. The measures applied include treatment or diversion of sewage and numerous actions to reduce diffuse loading. Although countries in the developing world face an alarming increase in lakes eutrophication as a result of the rapid economic development, major efforts are now taken in the rest of the world to combat eutrophication. High nutrient loading has resulted in turbid water, excessive blooms of nuisance cyanobacteria, dominance of coarse fish, and loss of biodiversity. For 50–100 years eutrophication has posed the most serious threat to lakes worldwide. Ventäla, in Encyclopedia of Inland Waters, 2009įreshwater lakes and reservoirs (termed ‘lakes’ in the following) provide water for consumption and irrigation, constitute valuable food sources, are used for recreational activities, and add to biodiversity on Earth. Select data of different phases for the residual static correction of 3D surface consistency.Į. (2)Ĭonduct fusion move-out correction for 3D data acquired in other phases, on the basis of data acquired in the target-specific 3D seismic survey, in order to prevent differences of static correction quantity in phases caused by surface structure changes. To solve this static correction problem caused by a time variant of surface structure, the following steps of fusion processing are adopted: (1)Ĭalculate by phases on the basis of unified datum level and filling velocity, and apply static correction quantity by phases. During fusion processing, if the unified static correction quantities are stacked directly, the SNR and resolution of seismic profile will necessarily be affected. Therefore, the time variant of the surface structure is obvious, leading to a large difference in the static correction quantity of data acquired in different periods. The increasing water consumption for industrial and agricultural sectors in the Jizhong area has resulted in the subsurface water level (especially in southern Jizhong Depression) declining by 1 m a year.